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    <h1 class="post_title">Linux内核驱动模型（四）核心结构体</h1>
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      2022/08/15</span>
    <span class="post_time"> | 2 分钟阅读</span><span>&nbsp;|<a href='https://kingdix10.gitee.io/tags/linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8/' title="linux内核" class="post_tag button button_translucent">linux内核
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      <div class="post_toc">
        <h2>文章目录</h2>
        <nav id="TableOfContents">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#1-sysfs中的busclassdevicedriver">1. sysfs中的bus/class/device/driver</a></li>
    <li><a href="#2-设备模型的初始化">2. 设备模型的初始化</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#21-全局变量">2.1. 全局变量</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#3-busclassdevicedriver详解">3. bus/class/device/driver详解</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#31-bus的注册">3.1. bus的注册</a></li>
        <li><a href="#32-driver的注册">3.2. driver的注册</a>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="#321-driver_register">3.2.1. driver_register</a></li>
            <li><a href="#322-bus_add_driver">3.2.2. bus_add_driver</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
        <li><a href="#33-device的注册">3.3. device的注册</a>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="#331-device_add">3.3.1. device_add</a></li>
            <li><a href="#332-bus_add_device">3.3.2. bus_add_device</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
        <li><a href="#34-class的注册以及device和class的关联">3.4. class的注册以及device和class的关联</a>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="#341-class的注册">3.4.1. class的注册</a></li>
            <li><a href="#342-device和class的关联">3.4.2. device和class的关联</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</nav>
      </div>
    
    <div class="post_body"><h1 id="1-sysfs中的busclassdevicedriver">1. sysfs中的bus/class/device/driver</h1>
<p>首先通过实例来看bus/class/device/driver的关系。下图绘制的是qemu启动ARM64后，sysfs中platform总线下部分目录和文件的关系。</p>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt="bus_driver_device_class"
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="bus_driver_device_class.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<p>框图说明：</p>
<ol>
<li>每个方框表示sysfs中的一个目录或文件</li>
<li>实线由父目录指向子目录</li>
<li>虚线由软链接指向实际的文件或目录</li>
</ol>
<p>总结：</p>
<ol>
<li>bus_register注册的bus会在/sys/bus目录下生成子目录。</li>
<li>device_add添加的device会在/sys/devices下生成子目录。</li>
<li>注册的driver会在/sys/bus所属的总线目录（如platform）下的drivers生成子目录。</li>
<li>class_register注册的class会在/sys/class下生成子目录。</li>
<li>driver有正在由其驱动的device，driver对应的目录下会有device的链接。</li>
<li>device需要有驱动自身的driver，device目录下会有名为driver的文件链接到driver目录。</li>
<li>device需要挂在bus下，/sys/bus下device所属的总线目录（如platform）下的devices会有对应device目录的链接。</li>
<li>device会有所属的class，/sys/class具体的class目录下，也会有device的连接。</li>
<li>同是挂在platform总线下的不同设备，可以属于不同的class。</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="2-设备模型的初始化">2. 设备模型的初始化</h1>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 1</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// drivers/base/init.c
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="cm">/**
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 3</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * driver_init - initialize driver model.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 4</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> *
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 5</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * Call the driver model init functions to initialize their
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 6</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * subsystems. Called early from init/main.c.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 7</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 8</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">__init</span> <span class="nf">driver_init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 9</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">10</span><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/* These are the core pieces */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">11</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">bdi_init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">noop_backing_dev_info</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">12</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">devtmpfs_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">13</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">devices_init</span><span class="p">();</span>         <span class="c1">/// 初始化devices_kset/dev_kobj/sysfs_dev_block_kobj/sysfs_dev_char_kobj
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">14</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="nf">buses_init</span><span class="p">();</span>           <span class="c1">/// 初始化bus_kset/system_kset
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">15</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="nf">classes_init</span><span class="p">();</span>         <span class="c1">/// 初始化class_kset
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">16</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="nf">firmware_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">17</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">hypervisor_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">18</span><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">19</span><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/* These are also core pieces, but must come after the
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">20</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm">     * core core pieces.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">21</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm">     */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">22</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">of_core_init</span><span class="p">();</span>         <span class="c1">/// 初始of_kset
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">23</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="nf">platform_bus_init</span><span class="p">();</span>    <span class="c1">/// 注册platform_bus和platform_bus_type
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">24</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="nf">auxiliary_bus_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">25</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">cpu_dev_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">26</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">memory_dev_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">27</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">node_dev_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">28</span><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">container_dev_init</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">29</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="21-全局变量">2.1. 全局变量</h2>
<p>设备模型的初始化主要就是完成一些全局变量的初始化。</p>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt="device_global_data"
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="device_global_data.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<p>说明：</p>
<ol>
<li>bus_register会调用bus_create_file来为bus创建uevent文件，属性由uevent_attr指定，文件操作函数由bus_attr_uevent指定。</li>
<li>bus_ktype的release函数是bus_release，sysfs_ops是bus_sysfs_ops，show和store函数分别为bus_attr_show和bus_attr_store</li>
<li>dirver_ktype与bus_type类似</li>
<li>bus_kset由kset_create_and_add创建，uevent_ops为bus_uevent_ops</li>
<li>devices_kset由kset_create_and_add创建，uevent_ops为device_uevent_ops</li>
<li>bus_kset和devices_kset的parent都为NULL</li>
<li>system_kset由kset_create_and_add创建，parent为devices_kset，uevent_ops为NULL</li>
<li>bus_kset、devices_kset和system_kset的ktype都是默认的kset_ktype</li>
<li>dev_kobj由kobject_create_and_add，作为sysfs_dev_block_kobj和sysfs_dev_char_kobj的parent</li>
<li>sysfs_dev_block_kobj和sysfs_dev_char_kobj由kobject_create_and_add创建，parent都是dev_kobj</li>
<li>class的dev_kobj成员会根据需要指向sysfs_dev_block_kobj或sysfs_dev_char_kobj，或者是自定义的kobject</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="3-busclassdevicedriver详解">3. bus/class/device/driver详解</h1>
<p>通过《sysfs中的bus/class/device/driver》可以简单了解bus/class/device/driver间的关系，下面从内核源码的角度进行分析。</p>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt="device_model"
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="device_model.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<p>如下是数据结构之间关系的简要说明，详细内容见后续章节分析。</p>
<p>bus部分说明：</p>
<ol>
<li>bus_type使用subsys_private记录私有数据，subsys_private内嵌kset</li>
<li>内嵌kset的ktype指向全局变量bus_ktype</li>
<li>内嵌kset的kset指向全局变量bus_kset</li>
<li>subsys_private记录kset_create_and_add创建的devices_kset和drivers_kset</li>
<li>devices_kset和drivers_kset的parent指向subsys_private内嵌kset内的kobj</li>
<li>subsys_private的klist_drivers记录挂在bus下的driver</li>
<li>subsys_private的klist_devices记录挂在bus下的device</li>
</ol>
<p>class部分说明：</p>
<ol>
<li>class使用subsys_private记录私有数据，subsys_private内嵌kset</li>
<li>内嵌kset的ktype指向全局变量class_ktype</li>
<li>内嵌kset的kset指向全局变量class_kset</li>
<li>subsys_private的klist_devices记录属于该class的device</li>
</ol>
<p>driver部分说明：</p>
<ol>
<li>device_driver使用driver_private记录私有数据，driver_private内嵌kobject</li>
<li>内嵌kobject的ktype指向全局变量driver_ktype</li>
<li>内嵌kobject的kset指向bus-&gt;p的drivers_kset</li>
<li>driver_private的klist_devices记录与该device_driver匹配的device</li>
</ol>
<p>device部分说明：</p>
<ol>
<li>device内嵌kobject</li>
<li>内嵌kobject的ktype指向全局变量device_ktype</li>
<li>内嵌kobject的kset指向全局变量devices_ktype</li>
<li>device使用device_private记录私有数据</li>
<li>device_private的knode_driver链接到device_driver的链表中</li>
<li>device_private的knode_bus链接到bus的链表中</li>
<li>device_private的knode_class链接到class的链表中</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="31-bus的注册">3.1. bus的注册</h2>
<p>向系统注册总线是通过bus_register完成的，其主要工作如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>将kobj的kset和ktype分别指向bus_kset和bus_ktype。</li>
<li>调用kset_register将bus对应的kset添加到系统。</li>
<li>bus_create_file在sysfs中创建uevent文件，操作函数由bus_attr_uevent指定。</li>
<li>创建priv-&gt;devices_kset和priv-&gt;drivers_kset。</li>
<li>初始一些列表头和锁。</li>
<li>add_probe_files向sysfs添加drivers_autoprobe和drivers_probe文件。</li>
<li>bus_add_groups添加属性组。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="32-driver的注册">3.2. driver的注册</h2>
<p>driver注册时，需要指定是在哪个bus下。以platform总线为例，注册platform_driver需要调用platform_driver_register，函数内部会将bus设为platform_bus_type。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 1</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// include/linux/platform_device.h
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="cm">/*
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 3</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * use a macro to avoid include chaining to get THIS_MODULE
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 4</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 5</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define platform_driver_register(drv) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 6</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    __platform_driver_register(drv, THIS_MODULE)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 7</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 8</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// drivers/base/platform.c
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 9</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="cm">/**
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">10</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * __platform_driver_register - register a driver for platform-level devices
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">11</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * @drv: platform driver structure
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">12</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * @owner: owning module/driver
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">13</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">14</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">__platform_driver_register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">platform_driver</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">drv</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">15</span><span class="cl">                <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">module</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">owner</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">16</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">17</span><span class="cl">    <span class="n">drv</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">driver</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">owner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">owner</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">18</span><span class="cl">    <span class="n">drv</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">driver</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">platform_bus_type</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">19</span><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">20</span><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">driver_register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">drv</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">driver</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">21</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">22</span><span class="cl"><span class="nf">EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__platform_driver_register</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="321-driver_register">3.2.1. driver_register</h3>
<p>可以看到，向系统注册驱动是由driver_register来完成的，其主要流程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>通过driver_find来查看所属bus下是否由同名驱动，如果有，则证明已经注册过，不需要再进行注册。</li>
<li>bus_add_driver向bus上添加驱动</li>
<li>driver_add_groups向sysfs添加driver的属性组</li>
<li>kobject_uevent向用户态上报KOBJ_ADD事件</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="322-bus_add_driver">3.2.2. bus_add_driver</h3>
<p>bus_add_driver流程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>bus_get增加bus内kset的引用计数</li>
<li>申请struct driver_private数据，记录到priv，并关联priv和driver</li>
<li>关联driver和bus，<code>priv-&gt;kobj.kset = bus-&gt;p-&gt;drivers_kset</code></li>
<li>kobject_init_and_add向系统添加priv-&gt;kobj，指定类型为driver_ktype</li>
<li>将driver添加到bus的列表中，<code>klist_add_tail(&amp;priv-&gt;knode_bus, &amp;bus-&gt;p-&gt;klist_drivers)</code></li>
<li>如果bus使能了drivers_autoprobe，调用driver_attach尝试匹配driver和device</li>
<li>module_add_driver向module添加driver</li>
<li>driver_create_file在sysfs创建uevent</li>
<li>driver_add_groups添加bus的属性组</li>
<li>如果driver没有指定suppress_bind_attrs，调用add_bind_files在sysfs创建bind/unbind文件。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="33-device的注册">3.3. device的注册</h2>
<p>和device相关的函数主要有device_initialize和device_add，device_initialize负责device结构体的初始化，device_add负责向系统添加设备，并与bus/driver/class关联。</p>
<h3 id="331-device_add">3.3.1. device_add</h3>
<p>device_add主要流程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>get_device增加device内嵌kobject的引用计数，防止操作过程中设备被删除</li>
<li>device_private_init创建device私有数据并初始化，记录到dev-&gt;p</li>
<li>设置名字</li>
<li>get_device(dev-&gt;parent)增加父设备的引用计数</li>
<li>get_device_parent找到父设备的kobject，如果不为空，则赋值给dev-&gt;kobj.parent</li>
<li><code>kobject_add(&amp;dev-&gt;kobj, dev-&gt;kobj.parent, NULL)</code>向系统添加dev-&gt;kobj，parent为dev-&gt;kobj.parent</li>
<li>device_platform_notify完成一些通知工作</li>
<li>device_create_file在sysfs创建uevent文件</li>
<li>device_add_class_symlinks创建sysfs中device和class的的链接文件</li>
<li>device_add_attrs添加属性组，包括class/device_type等</li>
<li>调用bus_add_device</li>
<li>dpm_sysfs_add向sysfs添加device power manage相关文件</li>
<li>device_pm_add根据需要决定是否将设备添加到dpm_list链表</li>
<li>如果dev-&gt;devt的MAJOR不为0，向sysfs添加dev文件，并创建devtmpfs节点</li>
<li>如果device挂载在bus下，blocking_notifier_call_chain向通知链发送BUS_NOTIFY_ADD_DEVICE通知</li>
<li>kobject_uevent向用户态报告KOBJ_ADD</li>
<li>关联device和fwnode</li>
<li>bus_probe_device，Automatically probe for a driver if the bus allows it</li>
<li>如果device有父设备，将device添加到父设备的链表中</li>
<li>如果device有所属的class，则关联device和class，见后续章节。</li>
<li>put_device减小device的引用计数</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="332-bus_add_device">3.3.2. bus_add_device</h3>
<p>如果device有所属的bus，则执行如下操作：</p>
<ol>
<li>增加bus的引用计数</li>
<li>向sysfs添加bus的属性组</li>
<li>在sysfs创建bus-&gt;p-&gt;devices_kset-&gt;kobj和dev-&gt;kobj的链接</li>
<li>在sysfs创建dev-&gt;kobj和dev-&gt;bus-&gt;p-&gt;subsys.kobj的链接</li>
<li>将device添加到bus的链表中</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="34-class的注册以及device和class的关联">3.4. class的注册以及device和class的关联</h2>
<h3 id="341-class的注册">3.4.1. class的注册</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// include/linux/device/class.h
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="cm">/* This is a #define to keep the compiler from merging different
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">3</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * instances of the __key variable */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">4</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define class_register(class)			\
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">5</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">({						\
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">6</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">	static struct lock_class_key __key;	\
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">7</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">	__class_register(class, &amp;__key);	\
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">8</span><span class="cl"><span class="cp">})
</span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><code>__class_register</code>负责向系统注册class，其主要流程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>初始化class的设备列表klist_devices和interfaces列表</li>
<li>初始化mutex</li>
<li>设置class名</li>
<li>如果没有指定cls-&gt;dev_kobj，将其设置为sysfs_dev_char_kobj</li>
<li>根据需要，设置class的kset为class_kset</li>
<li>设置class的ktype为class_ktype</li>
<li>kset_register注册cls-&gt;p-&gt;subsys</li>
<li>class_add_groups在sysfs创建属性组</li>
<li>class_put减小cls-&gt;p-&gt;subsys的引用计数，kset_register时引用计数为1，此时将其减为0</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="342-device和class的关联">3.4.2. device和class的关联</h3>
<p>如果device有所属的class，device_add会完成device和class的关联：</p>
<ol>
<li>将设备添加到class的链表中</li>
<li>如果class有class_interface，遍历class-&gt;p-&gt;interfaces，调用class_intf-&gt;add_dev</li>
</ol>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt=""
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="dev_class.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<p>在实际编码中，由如下两种方式来实现device和class的关联</p>
<ol>
<li>device_create时，指定class</li>
<li>创建device后，手动指定dev-&gt;class，然后调用device_register或device_add</li>
</ol>

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